Rediscovering Birth References

2.29 Watts G.   'Science, Sense and Substance' British Medical Journal Vol 317 1998 p1462
4.1 Odent M.   The Scientification of Love Free Association Books London 1999 p23
4.2 Odent M.   op. cit.       p21
4.3 Odent M.   op. cit.       p22
4.4 Konner M.   in Baton S.B., Shostak M. & Konner M.

The Paleolithic Prescription: A program of diet and exercises and a design for living, Harper and Rowel, New York, 1988, quoted in Odent M.

 op. cit.     p23
4.5 Biesele M.   'An Ideal of Unassisted Birth' in Davis-Floyd R.E. & Sargent C.F. (eds) op cit.     p474
4.6 Sargent C.   'Solitary Confinement: Birth Practices Among the Bariba of the People' s Republic of Benm' in Kay M.A. op.cit.      
4.7 Bourque S.C. Warre K.B. Women of the Andes: Patriarchy and Social Change in Two Peruvian Towns University of Michigan Press Ann Arbor 1981  
4.8 Awang Hasmadi Awang Mois   'Beliefs and practices concerning births among the Selako of Sarawak' Sarawak Museum Journal Vol. xxvi, 47 1978 pp7-13
4.9 Hundt G.   Ph.D. thesis University of Warwick      
4.10 Mezey G.C.   'Domestic violence in pregnancy' in Bewley S., Friend J., & Mezey G. (eds) Violence Against Women RCOG Press London 1997 pp191-198
4.11 Elliot J.K.   The Apocryphal New Testament Clarendon Press Oxford 1993 p93
4.12 Cressy D.   op. cit.       pp56-58
4.13 Cressy D.   op. cit.       pp56-58
4.14 Cressy D.   op. cit.       pp56-58
4.15 Cressy D.   op. cit.       p85
4.16 Hill R.   The Pathway to Prayer and Pietie, 1610, quoted in Cressy D. op. cit.     p85
4.17     Cited in Leavitt J.W., Brought To Bed: ChildBearing in America 1750-1950 Oxford University Press     p37
4.18     Cited in Leavitt J.W., op. cit.       p37
4.19 Leavitt, J.W   op. cit.       pp96-97
4.20     The Diary of Samuel Sewall, 1674-1729 Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society     p394
4.21     Anita McCormick Blaine to Lettie Fowler McCormick, August 1890, McCormick papers, Wisconsin State Historical Society archives, quoted in Leavitt, J.W. op. cit.     p89
4.22 McCall D.L.   The Copper King's Daughter: From Cape Cod to Crooked River Binfords and Mort Portland, Oregon   1972
4.23     Quoted in Cooper E. & Buford N.B.The Quilters Women and Domestic Art Anchor Press/Doubleday New York 1978 p15
4.24 Landrum S.H.   Letter to editor, Journal of American Medical Association, p576, 1912, quoted in Leavitt J.W. op. cit.     p61
4.25 Wertz R. Wertz D. C. op. cit.       p73
4.26 Anon.   Medical Knowledge, The Works of the Famous Philosopher, J. Smith London date unknown    
4.27 Loudon I.   'Obstetrics and the general practitioner' British Medical Journal Vol. 301 1990 pp705-7
4.28 Loudon, I.   Western Medicine Oxford University Press   1997 p217
4.29 Loudon, I.   'Obstetric care, social class and maternal mortality' British Medical Journal Vol. 293 1986 pp606-608
4.30 Loudon I.   Death in Childbirth Clarendon Press Oxford 1992 p251
4.31 Allison J.   Delivered At Home Chapman and Hall London 1996 p24
4.32 Allison J.   op. cit.       pp79-80
4.33 Allison J.   op. cit.       p84
4.34 Bourne G.   Pregnancy Pan London 1975  
4.35 Morsy S.A.   'Childbirth in an Egyptian Village' in Kay M.A. op. cit.     pp147-174
4.36 Moser M.B.   'Seri: From Conception through Infancy' in Kay M.A. op. cit.     pp221-232
4.37 Maggie Akerolik   quoted in Special Report on Traditional Midwifery, Suvaguuq, X, 1, Pauktuuti Inuit Women's Association of Canada Ottawa 1995  
4.38 Betty Peryouar   quoted in Suvaguuq op. cit.      
4.39 Mary Tagoona   quoted in Suvaguuq op. cit.      
4.40     Personal communication, obstetrician in Osaka        
4.41 van Daalen R.   'Family Change and Continuity in the Netherlands: Birth and Childbed in Text and Art' in Abraham-Van der Mark E. (ed.), Successful Home Birth and Midwifery: The Dutch Model Het Spinhuis Amsterdam 1996 p77
4.42 Katz Rothman B.   'Going Dutch: Lessons for Americans' in Abraham-Van der Mark E. (ed.) op. cit.     p208
4.43 Hodnett E.D.   'Support from caregivers during childbirth' in Enkin M.W, Keirse M.J.N.C., Renfrew M.J., Neilson J.P. (eds), Pregnancyand Childbirth Module of Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1995 (updated 24 February 1995) BMJ London    
4.44 Hodnett E.R   'Support from caregivers during childbirth' op. cit.      
4.45 Sosa R. Kennell J., Klaus M. et al. The effect of a supportive companion on perinatal problems, length of labor and mother-infant interaction' New England Journal of Medicine Vol. 305, 11 1980 pp585-7
4.46 Kennell, J. Klaus M., McGrath S. et al. 'Continuous emotional support during labor in a US hospital: a randomised controlled trial' Journal of American Medical Association Vol. 265, 17 1991 pp2197-2201
4.47 Breart G. Mlika-Cabane N., Kaminski M. et al. 'Evaluation of different policies for the management of labour' Early Human Development Vol. 29 1992 pp309-312
4.48 Hofmeyr G.J. Nikodem V.C., Wolman W.L. et al. 'Companionship to modify the clinical birth environment: effects on progress and perceptions of labour and breastfeeding' British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Vol. 98, 8 1991 pp756-764
4.49 Hodnett E.D. Osborn R.W. A randomised trial of the effects of monitrice support during labor: mothers' views two to four weeks postpartum' Birth 16 (4)   1989 ppl77-183
4.50 Hofmeyr G.J. Nikodem V.C., Wolman, W.L., et al. op. cit.        
4.51 Kennell J. Klaus M., McGrath S., et al. op. cit.        
4.52 Hofmeyr G.J. Nikodem V.C., Wolffian W.L., et al. op. cit.        
4.53 Banyana Madi C.   'The effects of social support in labour' in The Art and Science of Midwifery, Proceedings of the International Confederation of Midwives   Oslo 1996 pp267-70
4.54 Bertsch T.D. Nagashima-Whalen L., Dykeffian L., et al. 'Labor support by first-time fathers' Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology 11 1990 pp251-60
4.55 Klaus M.H. Kennell J.H. & Klaus, P.H. op cit.        
4.56     From the author's own discussion groups with midwives        
5.1 King H.   'Bound to bleed: Artemis and Greek women' in Cameron A. & Kuht A. (eds) Images of Women in Antiquity Croom Helm London 1983  
5.2 Chryssanthopoulou V.   An Analysis of Rituals Surrounding Birth in Modern Greece

M PhiL thesis

 Bodleian Library Oxford 1984  
5.3 Klein M.   Be Fruitful and Multiply Jerusalem Museum of the Diaspora   1987  
5.4 McGilvray D.   'Sexual power and fertility in Sri Lanka Matticaloa Tamils and Moors' in McCormack C. (ed) Ethnography of Fertility and Childbirth Academic Press London/New York 1982  
5.5 Knocki F.   Navajo traditional midwife personal communication      
5.6 Rayhald I.   The Byrth of Mankyinde   London 1545  
5.7 McDonald W. Davis J.A. History of Midwifery Practice in Australia and the Western Pacific s Regions Twentieth Congress International Confederation of Midwive Sydney 1984 pp23-25

p45
5.8 Margaret Charles Smith   quoted in Holmes L.J. Listen to Me Good; The Life Story of an Alabama Midwife Ohio State University Press Columbus 1996 p87
5.9 Margaret Charles Smith   quoted in Holmes L.J. op cit.     pp147-148
5.10 Speert H.   'Midwives, Nurses and Nursemidwives' in Obstetrics and Gynecology in America a History American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Chicago 1980  
5.11 Anon   in Wertz R.W. & D.C. op cit.     p57
5.12 Storer H.   'Criminal Abortion' in Wertz R.W. & D.C. op cit.     p57
5.13 Pence Rooks J.   Midwifery and Childbirth in America Temple University Press Philadelphia 1997 pp21-22
5.14 Meigs G.L.   quoted in Pence Rooks J. op cit.     p23
5.15 Williams J.W.   'Medical Education and the Midwife Problem in the United States' Journal of American Medical Association 2, 1912   pp180-204
5.16 Devitt N.   'The Statistical case for Elimination of the Midwife Fact versus Prejudice, 1890-1955'

Women and Health, 4 (1), 1979, pp 81-96; 4 (2) pp169-183

Quoted in Pence Rooks J.

 op cit.     p29
5.17 Devitt N.   in Pence Rooks J. op cit.       p30
5.18 Thom S.   in Pence Rooks J. op cit.       p3
5.19 Margaret Charles Smith   quoted in Holmes L.J. op cit.     p65
5.20 Margaret Charles Smith   quoted in Holmes L.J. op cit.     p66
5.21 Allison J.   Delivered at Home Chapman and Hall London 1996 p85
5.22 Allison J.   op cit.       p82
5.23 Hird C. Burtch B. 'Midwives and Safe Motherhood International Perspectives' in Shroff F.M., The New Midwifery Reflections on Renaissance and Regulation Women's Press Toronto 1977 pp115-145
5.24 Ulrich L.I.   The Midwife's Tale The Life of Martha Ballard       p189
5.25 Vincent E.   Department of Midwifery University of Central Lancashire Preston

PRl 2HE

Lancs

    
5.26 Botha M.C.   'The Management of the Umbilical Cord in Labour' South African Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 24 August 1968   pp30-33
5.27     The Prevention and Management of Postpartum Haemorrhage, Report of a Technical Working Group, 1989, WHO Geneva 1990  
5.28 Fischer A.   'Reproduction in Truk', Ethnology Ethnology Vol 12 1963 pp526-540
5.29     Annual Review of Bureau of American Ethnology 1885-1886 Government Printing Office Washington DC 1891  
5.30 Recio D.M.   'Birth and Tradition in the Philippines' in Maglaos (ed) The Potential of the Traditional Birth Attendant WHO Geneva 1986  
5.31 Coxe Stevenson M.   The Zuni Indians 23rd Report of US Bureau of American Ethnology   1905  
5.32 Bridges L. Guede N. No More For Ever: a Saharan Jewish Town Papers of Peabody Museum of Archeology & Ethnology,

Cambridge, Mass.

 Vol 31 1947  
5.32 Schwab G.   Tribes of the Liberian Hinterland Papers of Peabody Museum of Archeology & Ethnology,

Cambridge, Mass.

Op cit.

      
5.33 Hrdliska A.   Physiological and Medical Observations among the Indians of the South Western United States and Northern Mexico Bulletin 34

Smithsonian Institution and Bureau of American Ethnology

   1908  
5.34 Engelmann G.   Labour Among Primitive Peoples       p110
5.35     Sudan Department of Statistics        
5.36 Boddy J.   'Remembering Amal-birth in Northern Sudan' in Lock M. & Kaufert E.A. (eds) Pragmatic Women and Body Politics Cambridge University Press   1998 pp40-41
5.37 Boddy J.   op cit       pp47-48
5.38     Quoted in Graham I.D.Episiotomy: Challenging Obstetric Interventions Blackwell Science Oxford 1997 p18
5.39 Pomeroy R.H.   'Shall we cut and reconstruct the perineum for every primipara?' Paper read to American Gynecological Society 1918 American Journal of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children Vol 78   pp211-220
5.40 DeLee J.B.   'The Prophylactic Forceps Operation' Paper read to 45th Annual General Meeting of American Gynecological Society American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1920   pp24-44
5.41     Quoted in Jacques Maritain Three Reformers: Luther Descartes Rousseau Scribner New York 1950 p184
5.42 Flint M.   'Lockmi: An Indian Midwife' in Kay M.A. op cit.     pp211-219
5.43 Okley J.   Own or Other Culture Routledge London 1996 pp63-93
5.44     Maternal Mortality, Ratios and Rates, 3rd ed. WHO Geneva 1991  
5.45 Smyke E.   Women and Health Zed Books London 1991  
5.46 Jordan B.   High technology the case of obstetrics Paper delivered to World Health Forum   Stockholm 1987  
5.47 Brady M. Shotton E. 'Midwifery in Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan' British Journal of Midwifery Vol 3, 7 1995 pp387-390
5.48 Ramalingaswami V.   Proven technologies first World Health Forum Stockholm 1987  
5.49       New England Journal of Medicine 326 1992 pp15221526
5.50     Special Report on Traditional Midwifery, Suvaguuq, X, 1, Pauktuutit, Inuit Women's Association of Canada   Ottawa 1995  
5.51 Morewood-Northrop M.   'Community Birthing Project Northwest Territories' in Shroff, F M (ed) The New Midwifery Reflections on Renaissance and Regulation Women's Press Toronto 1997 pp343-356
5.52     Special Report on Traditional Midwifery, Suvsguuk op cit.      
5.53 Page L.   The New Midwifery Cassell London 2000  
5.54 Green J.M. Curtis, E., Price H. & Renfrew M.J. Continuing to Care: The organization of midwifery services in the UK a structural review of the evidence Midwives Press Manchester 1998  
6.1 Green J. Coupland V. & Kitzinger J. Great Expectations a prospective study of women's expectations and experiences of childbirth Child Care and Development Group Cambridge 1988  
6.2 McDonald W. Davis J.A. op cit.       p2, p15
6.3 Chalmers B.   African Birth Childbirth in cultural transition, Berev, River Club   South Africa 1990 p22
6.4 Lepori B.   'Freedom of Movement in Birth Places', Children's Environments, 11 (2), E & F. N Spon     June 1994 pp81-87
6.5 Jordan B.   'The Hut and the Hospital Information, power and symbolism in the artefacts of birth' Birth 20 (2) 1993 pp36-40
6.6 Linderman F.   Red Mother John Day Company New York 1932 ppI45-147, pp58-61
6.7 Engelmann G.   Labor Among Primitive Peoples, J H Chambers St Louis, 1882 Reprinted AMS Press New York    
6.8     Notes on Labour in Central Africa Edinburgh Medical Journal Vol XXIX 1884 pp922-930
6.9 Englemann G.   op cit.   p15    
6.10 Vincent Priya J.   Birth Traditions and Modern Pregnancy Care Element Shaftesbury 1992 p78
6.11 Armstrong P. Feldman S. A Midwife's Story Arbor House New York 1986 pp58-61
6.12 Neumann Y.S.   'Grandmothers of the Umbilical Cord traditional midwives in Nicaragua and the birth of a new society' Birth Gazette 3, 1 (no date) p7
6.13 Nikodem W.C.   'Upright versus recumbent position during first stage of labour' in Enkin M W., Keirse M.J.N.C., Renfrew M. & Neilson J.E. (eds) Pregnancy and Childbirth Module of Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (updated 24 February 1995)    
6.13 Radkey A.L. Liston R.M., Scott K.E. et al. 'Squatting preventive medicine in childbirth?' Proceedings of Annual Meeting of Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada   Toronto 1991 p76
6.14 Harrison M.   A Woman in Residence Random House New York 1982 p256
6.15 Englemann G.   op cit.       p29
6.16 Englemann G.   op cit.       p23
6.17 Englemann G.   op cit.       p24
6.18 Englemann G.   op cit       p43
6.19 Chalmers B.   op cit.       p19
6.20 Felkin R.   op cit.        
6.21 Paciornik M.   'Arguments Against Episiotomy and In Favor of Squatting for Birth' Birth Vol 17, 2 1990 pp104-105
6.22 Golay J. Vedam S. & Sorger L. 'The Squatting Position for the Second Stage of Labor Effects on labor and on maternal and fetal well-being' Birth 20 (2) 1993 pp73-78
6.23 de Jong P.R. Johanson R.B., Baxen E. et al. 'Randomised trial comparing the upright and supine positions for the second stage of labour' British Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology Vol 104, 5 1997 pp561-571
6.24 Engelmann G.   op cit.        
6.25 Englemann G.   op cit.       p61-2
6.26 Chalmers B. Muggah H., Samarskaya M.F. & Tkatchemko E. 'Women's Experiences of Birth in St Petersburg, Russian Federation, Following a Maternal and Child Health Intervention Program' Birth 25 (2) 1998 pp107-117
6.27 Cosminsky S.   'Knowledge and Body Concepts of Guatemalan Midwives' in Kay M.A. op cit.     pp233-253
7.1 Yin-King L. Holroyd E., Wong Pui-Yuk L. et al. 'Hong Kong Chinese women in labour: implications for midwives' The Practising Midwife Vol 1,11 1998 pp26-28
7.2 Neumann Y.S.   'Grandmothers of the Umbilical Cord Traditional midwives in Nicaragua' Birth Gazette Vol 3, 1 (no date) p7
7.3 Lederman C.   'Giving Birth in a Malay Village' in Kay, M.A. op cit.     pp81-100
7.4 Wertz R.W. Wertz D.C. op cit.       p78
7.5 DeLee J.   Obstetrics for Nurses W B Saunders Philadelphia 1904 pp107-108
7.6 Bergstrom L. Roberts J., Skillman I. & Seidel J. 'You'll Feel Me Touching You Sweetie' Birth 19 (1) 1992 pp10-19
7.7 Enkin M.W.   'Commentary: "Do I Do That? Do I Really Do That? Like That?"' Birth 19 (1) 1992 pp19-21
7.8 Jordan B.   Birth in Four Cultures: A cross-cultural investigation of childbirth in Yucatan, Holland, Sweden and the United States Waveland Press Prospect Heights, Illinois 4th Edition 1993 p165
7.9 Wertz R.W. Wertz D.C. op cit.       p121
7.10 Wagner M.V. Chin P.V., Peters C. J., Drexler B. & Newman L.A. 'A Comparison of Early and Delayed Induction of Labor with Spontaneous Rupture of Membranes at Term' American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 74 1989 pp93-97
7.11 Perrone B. Stockel H.H. & Kreuger V. Medicine Women, Curanderas, and Women Doctors Norman University of Oklahoma Press   1989  
7.12 Cao-Romero L.   Video Ticime Mexico City 1993  
7.13 Cao-Romero L.   Personal communication     1994  
7.14 Hulger M.   Together with the Ainu University of Oklahoma Press Norman, Oklahoma   p169
7.15 Hofmeyr G.J.   'Cephalic version by postural management' in Keirse M.J.N.C., Renfrew, M.J., Neilson J.E. & Crowther C. (eds) Pregnancy and Childbirth Module of Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1996 (updated 29 February 1996)    
7.15 Zhang J. Bowes W.A., Fortney J.A. 'Efficacy of external cephalic version a review' American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology Vol 82, 2 1993 pp306-312
7.15 Shalev E. Battino S., Giladi Y. et al. 'External cephalic version at term - using tocolysis' Acta Obstet Gynecol Scandinavica Vol 72, 6 1993 pp455-457
7.15 Flamm B.L. Fried M.W., Lonky N.M. et al. 'External cephalic version after previous cesarean section' American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Vol 165, 2 1991 pp370-372
7.15 Fortunato S.J. Mercer L.J., Guzick D.S. 'External cephalic version with tocolysis: factors associated with success' American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology Vol 72, 1 1988 pp59-62
7.15 Ferguson J.E. Dyson D.C. 'Intrapartum external cephalic version' American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology Vol 152, 3 1985 pp 297-298
7.16 Opler M.E.   Childhood and Youth in Jicarilla Apache Society Frederick Webb Hodge Society Publication Fund

Los Angeles

 Vol 5 1946  
7.17 McCormack C.   Ethnography of Fertility and Birth Academic Press London/New York 1982 pp128-9
7.18 Perrone B. Stockel H.H. & Krueger V. Medicine Women, Curanderas, and Women Doctors Norman, University of Oklahoma Press   1989 pl16
7.19 Fisher A.   'Reproduction in Truk' Ethnology 12, 1963 pp526-540
7.20     The Byrth of Mankind     1545  
7.21     Encyclopaedia Brittanica     1797  
7.22 Kitzinger S.   Ourselves as Mothers AddisonWesley Boston 1994  
7.23 Anon   Medical Knowledge: The Works of the Famous Philosopher, containing his complete Master-Piece and Family Physician, his Experienced Midwife, his book of problems and remarks on physiognomy To the original work is added, An Essay on Marriage; its duties and enjoyments J Smith London

undated

    
7.24 Drew C.G.   'A Child is Born' She   December 1988  
7.25 Jordan B.   op cit.       p36
7.26 Spence   'System of Midwifery', Edinburgh 1784, quoted in George Engelmann op. cit.     p16
7.27 Engelmann   op cit.       p15
7.28 Rajadhom P.A.   Some Traditions of the Thai, Thai Inter-Religious Commission for Development and Sathirakoses Nagapradipa Foundation   Bangkok 1987 p49
7.29 Smulders B.     Midwifery News Amsterdam March 1998 Translated from Dutch
7.30 Kreiger D.   'Therapeutic Touch: The Imprimatur of Nursing' American Journal of Nursing 75(5)   pp784-787
7.31 Kitzinger J.V.   'Counteracting Not Re-enacting, the Violation of Women's Bodies: The Challenge for Prenatal Caregivers' Birth 19 1992 pp219-220
7.31 Kitzinger J.V.   'The Internal Examination' Practitioner 234 1990 pp698-700
7.31 Kitzinger J.V.   'Recalling the Pain' Nursing Times 86 1990 pp38-40
7.31 Kitzinger S.   'Birth and Violence Against Women' in Roberts H. (ed) Women's Health Matters Routledge London 1992 pp63-80
7.32 Van Hoosen B.   'Scopolamine-Morphine Anaesthesia' New Movement 42   p121
7.33 Harrison M.   A Woman in Residence Random House New York 1982 p87
7.34 Schutz G.D.   'Mothers Report on Cruelty in Maternity Wards' Ladies' Home Journa1 75 1958 p44
7.35 Klaus M.H. Kennell, J. The Amazing Newborn Addison Wesley Reading, Massachusetts 1985  
7.36 Klaus M.H. Kennell, J. op cit.        
7.37 Elwin V.   'Conception, Pregnancy and Birth Among the Tribesman of the Maikal Hills' Journal of Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal Vo19 1943  
7.38 Birket-Smith K.   'An Ethnological Sketch of Rennell Island: A Polynesian Outlier in Melanesia' Det, Congelige Dansk Videnskabelas Selskab Copenhagen 1956  
7.39 Boas F.   'Ethnology.of the Kwakiutl' US Bureau of Ethnology 35th Annual Report 1:1913-14    
7.40 Rajadhom E.A.   op cit.        
7.41 Kitzinger S.   'The Social Context of Birth: Some Comparisons between Childbirth in Jamaica and Britain' in McCormack C. (ed) Ethnography of Fertility and Birth Academic Press London/New York 1982 p.183
7.42 Cosminsky S.   'Knowledge and Body Concepts of Guatemalan Midwives' in Kay M.A. op cit.     pp 244-246
7.43 Richardson Hanks J.   'Maternity and its Ritual' in Bangchan South East Asian Programme Department, Asian studies, Cornell University   1963  
7.44 Coughlin R.J.   'Pregnancy and Birth in the Ainu', 'South East Asian Customs' New Connecticut Human Relations Press   1965  
8.1 Vincent E.   'Traditions of Breastfeeding in Zimbabwe' Newsletter of Birth Traditions Survival Bank

Dept. of Midwifery Studies, University of Central Lancashire, Preston

 Vol 2 1993 pp3-7
8.2 Awang Hasmadi Aswang Mois   op cit.        
8.3 Read M.   Children of Their Fathers Irvington   1982  
8.4 Pillsbury B.   'Doing the Month Confinement and Convalescence of Chinese Women After Childbirth' in Kay M.A. op cit.     p127
8.5 Pillsbury B.   op cit       p140
8.6 Jordan B.   op cit.       pp42-44
8.7 Bartels L.   Birth Songs of the Macha Galla Ethnology Vo1 8 1969 pp406-422
8.8 Minturn L. Lambert W.W. Mothers of Six Cultures John Wiley and Sons New York 1964 p227
8.9 Pillsbury B.   op cit.       pp119-146
8.10 Fildes V.   'The Culture and Biology of Breastfeeding An Historical View of Western Europe' in Stuart-Macadam E. & Dettwyler K.A. (eds), Breastfeeding Biocultural Perspectives, Aldine De Gruyter New York   pp101-126
8.11 Kitzinger S.   'Commentary' in Stuart-Macadam E. & Dettwyler K.A. (eds) op cit.     pp385-394
8.12 Kitzinger S.   'Birth and Violence Against Women' in Roberts H. (ed), Women's Health Matters Routledge London 1992  
8.13 Chalmers B.   'Changing Childbirth in Eastern Europe' in Davis-Floyd R. & Sargent C.F., Childbirth and Authoritative Knowledge University of California Press Berkeley 1997 pp263-283
8.14 Konner M.   Childhood A Multicultural View Little Brown Boston 1991 p62, p196
8.15 Kitzinger S.   The Crying Baby Penguin Harmondsworth 1990  
8.16 Minturn L. Lambert W.W. op cit.       pp27-8, p222
8.17 Henderson L. Kitzinger J. & Green J. Representing infant feeding a content analysis of British media portrayals of bottle feeding and breastfeeding British Medical Journal in press 2000    
8.18 Wilson A.   op cit.        
8.19       Lancet Vol 353 1999 pl152
8.20       British Medical Journal 318 1999 p1086
I.1 Scully D.   Men Who Control Women's Health Houghton Mifflin Boston 1980  
I.2 Lomas M. Enkin M. et al 'Opinion leader vs audit and feedback to implement practice guidelines' Journal of American Medical Association 265 1991 pp2202-7
I.3 Davis-Floyd R.   Birth as an American Rite of Passage University of California Press Berkeley 1992  
1.1 Scheper-Hughes N.   'Virgin Mothers: The Impact of Irish Jansenism on Childbearing and Infant Tending in Western Ireland' in Kay, M A., Anthropology of Human Birth F A Davis Philadelphia 1982 p277
1.2 Hahn R.A. Muecke M.A. Current Problems in Obstetrics, Gynecology and Fertility: The Anthropology of Birth in Five US Ethnic Populations Yearbook Medical Publishers Chicago 1987 pp154-157
1.3 Chamberlain D.B.   'Babies Are Not What We Thought - Call for a New Paradigm' International Journal of Prenatal and Perinatal Studies Vol 4, 314 1992 pp1-17
1.4 Macfarlane A.   The Family Life of Ralph Josselin 1616-1683 Cambridge University Press   1976  
1.5 Newman K.   Fetal Positions Individualism, Science, Visuality Stanford University Press Stanford 1996 pp69-82
1.6 Fraser R. Watson R. 'Bleeding during the latter half of pregnancy' in Chalmers, I., Enkin, M., Keirse, M.J.N.C. (eds), Effective Care in Pregnancy and Childbirth, Vol 1, Oxford University Press Oxford 1989 pp594-611
1.7 Brand I.R. Kaminopetros P., Cave, M., et al 'Specificity of antenatal ultrasound in the Yorkshire region: a prospective study of 2261 ultrasound detected anomalies British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Vol 101, 5 1994 pp392-397
1.8 Berger A.   What is fetal nuchal translucency? British Medical Journal 318:81 1999 p85
1.9 Saari-Kemppainen A. Karjalainen L., Ylosalo P., et al 'Ultrasound screening and perinatal mortality: controlled trial of systematic one-stage screening in pregnancy. The Helsinki ultrasound trial' Lancet Vol 336, 8712 1990 pp387-391
1.9 Newnham J.P. Evans S.F., Michael C.A., et al 'Effects of frequent ultrasound during pregnancy: a randomised controlled trial' Lancet Vol 342, 8876 1993 pp887-891
1.10 Kishwar M.   'When daughters are unwanted', Manushi 86, January/February 1995, quoted in Newsletter of Birth Traditions Survival Bank, Department of Midwifery University of Central Lancashire, Preston Vol 4, 3 1995 pp14-16
1.11 Khanna Sunil K.   'Prenatal sex determination: a new family building strategy', Manushi 86, January/February 1995, quoted in Newsletter of Birth Traditions Survival Bank, Department of Midwifery University of Central Lancashire, Preston     pp11-14
1.12 Khanna Sunil K.   op cit.        
1.13 Kishwar M.   op cit.        
1.14     Daikanwa Jiten Showa 61, (3rd ed) Vol 13, p9628, Showa 33 (Ist ed), Tokyo. Taishukan        
1.15 Nihon Kokuga Daijiten   Showa 49, Tokyo: Shogakkan   Vol 12   p529
1.16 Stucken E,   Astralmythen Leipzig: Eduard Pfeiffer   1907 p119
1.17 Morsy S.   'Childbirth in an Egyptian Village' in Kay M.A., op cit       p159
1.18     Author's field research in Jamaica        
1.19 Cressy R.   Birth, Marriage & Death ritual religion, and the life-cycle in Tudor and Stuart England Oxford University Press Oxford 1997 p45
1.20 Smith F.B.   The People's Health 1830-1910 Croom Helm London 1979 p15
1.21 DeLee J.   Obstetrics for Nurses W B Saunders Philadelphia 1904 pp78-79
1.22 Barker D.J.P. (ed)   'Fetal and infant origins of adult disease' BMJ Publishing Group London 1992  
1.23 Nathanielsz P.   Life in the Womb: The Origin of Health and Disease Promethean Press New York 1999  
1.24 lanniruberto A. Tajani E. 'Ultra sonographic study of fetal movements' Seminars in Peri- natology 5 1981 pp175-181
1.25 Chamberlain D.B.   op cit.        
1.26 Chamberlain D.B.   op cit.        
2.1 Kavasch E.B. Barr K. American Indian Healing Arts Thorson London 1999 p136
2.2 Mitchell F.   quoted in Kavasch & Barr, op cit.       p135
2.3 Kitzinger S.   Ourselves as Mothers Bantam London 1993 p130
2.4 Kitzinger S.   A Celebration of Birth Penny Press
ICEA PO Box 20048, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55420, USA Fax 612/854-87721		   1986  
2.5 Randolph V.   Ozark Superstitions Columbia University Press New York 1947  
2.6 Chohoki 0.   A Useful Reference Book for Women Tokyo National Diet Library   1692  
2.7 Cassidy C.M.   Subcultural Prenatal Diets of Americans in Alternative Dietary Practices and Nutritional Abuses in Pregnancy National Academy Press Washington DC 1982 pp25-60
2.8 Chohoki 0.   op cit.        
2.9 Cosminsky S.   'Childbirth and Change A Guatemalan Study' in MacCormick C.P. (ed) Ethnography of Fertility and Birth Academic Press London & New York 1982 pp205-229
2.10 Cosminsky S.   op cit.        
2.11 Laderman C.   Wives and Midwives: Childbirth and Nutrition in Rural Malaysia University of California Press Berkeley 1983  
2.12 Januke S.   'When The Mother-To-Be Drinks' Childbirth Instructor Winter 1994   pp28-35
2.13 Gerarde J.   'The Berball or Generall Historie of Plantes' 1636 quoted in Cressy, op cit.       p47
2.14 Sharp J.   Midwives Book, ppI81-2, 206-10; Culpeper, Directory for Midwives, p150 quoted in Cressy, op cit.       p47
2.15 Mathews F. Yudkin P. & Neil A. 'Folates in the periconceptual period are women getting enough?' British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 105 1998 pp954-959
2.16 Alberman E. Noble J.M. 'Commentary: Food should be fortified with folic acid' British Medical Journal 319 1999 p93
2.17 Cosminsky S.   op cit.       pp205-229
2.18     Author's interview with Dr Yoshimura        
2.19 Ballantyne J.W.   The Byrth of Mankynd (its Authors and Editions) reprints from Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Empire     1906  
2.20 Brady M.Y.   Having A Baby Easily

(first published as Natural Childbirth Heinemann London 1933)

 Health For All Publishing Company London 1944 pp59-60
2.21 Dick-Read G.   Childbirth Without Fear Heinemann London 1972 pp56-59
2.22 Mahoney T. Slone L. The Grape Merchants Harper and Rowe New York 1966 p249
2.23 Heller Z.   Sunday Times   13 Dec 1998    
2.24 Mills Y.   Sunday Times Style   13 Dec 1998    
2.25 Clement S.   'Childbirth on Television' British Journal of Midwifery 5,1 1997 pp37-42
2.26 Cobb J.   'Birth on the Box' New Generation Dec 1995   pp3-4
2.27 Handfield B.   'Lights, Camera, Action, Childbirth!' Pregnancy Spring 1998   pp58-60
2.28 Channel 4 TV       London    
2.29 Watts G.   'Science, Sense and Substance' British Medical Journal Vol 317 1998 p1462
2.30 Diepenbrock C.   '"God willed it!" Gynecology at the check-out stand: reproductive technology in the women's service magazine, 1977-1996' in Gavron C. Gurak L.J. Lay M.M. & Myutti C. Body Talk Rhetoric, Technology and Reproduction University of Wisconsin Press Madison 2000  
2.31 Diepenbrock C.   op cit.        
2.32     Patients' Guide to IVF Clinics   London 1998  
2.33 Connor S.   The Independent   28 Dec 1998    
2.34 Selye H.   The Stress of Life McGraw-Hill New York 1976  
3.1 Stone M.   Ancient Mirrors of Womanhood Vol 2 New Sibylline Books New York 1980 p64 adapted
3.2 Stone M.   op cit.       p92 adapted
3.3 Waley A.   The Way and its Power Allen & Unwin London 1934 p149
3.4 Stone M.   op cit.       p37 adapted
3.5 Campbell J.   Adapted from Occidental Mythology, The Masks of God Vol III Secker & Warburg London 1965  
3.6 Allen M.   The Birth Symbol in Traditional Women's Art from Eurasia and the Western Pacific Toronto Museum for Textiles catalogue   1981 p29
3.7 Campbell J.   op cit.       adapted
3.8 Allen M.   op cit.       p26
3.9 Stone M.   op cit.       p78 adapted
3.10 Stone M.   op cit.       ppl-4 adapted
3.11 Stone M.   op cit.       p27 adapted
3.12 Stone M.   op cit.       p167 adapted
3.13 Stone M.   op cit.       p76
3.14 Homer   Odyssey, Vol 1        
3.15 Stone M.   op cit.       p64 adapted
3.16 Kitzinger S.   A Celebration of Birth op cit.      
3.17 Larrington C. (ed)   The Feminist Companion to Mythology Parelara London 1992 pp102-117
3.18 Knipe R.   The Water of Life A Jungian Journey through Hawaiian Myth University of Hawaii Press Honolulu 1989 p32
3.19 Henderson H.K. Henderson R.N. 'Traditional Onitsha Ibo maternity beliefs and practices' in Kay M.A. op cit.      
3.20 Laderman C.   'Giving birth in a Malay village' in Kay M.A. op cit.      
3.21 Biseman Jnr F.B.   Bali: Sekala and Niskala Vol. 1: Essays on Religion, Ritual, and Arts Periplus Editions Berkeley 1989 pp85, 90
3.22 Recio D.M.   'Birth and Tradition in the Philippines' in Maglaos (ed.) The Potential of the Traditonal Birth Attendant WHO   1986  
3.23 Skeat W.W.   Malay Magic Oxford University Press   1899,1984  
3.24 Chawla J.   Child Bearing and Culture - Woman Centered Revisioning of the Traditional Midwife: the Dai as a Ritual Practitioner Indian Social Institute New Delhi 1994  
3.25     Quoted in Cressy D. op. cit.     p.65
3.26     Devotions particulieres pour les femmes enceintes   Paris 1665 p21
3.27 Biesele M.   'An Ideal of Unassisted Birth' in DavisFloyd R.E. & Sargent C.E. (eds) Childbirth and Authoritative Knowledge University of California Press Berkeley 1997 p.485
3.28